1870 Federal Census Colbert County, Alabama (Twp 5 Range 10: File 2 of 2) ************************************************************************ Copyright. All rights reserved. http://www.usgwarchives.net/copyright.htm http://www.usgwcensus.org/ http://www.usgwcensus.org/cenfiles/ ************************************************************************** The USGenWeb Archives provide genealogical and historical data to the general public without fee or charge of any kind. It is intended that this material not be used in a commercial manner. All submissions become part of the permanent collection. Abstracted by Evan Crow from public records. Edited and formatted by Maggie Stewart, November 2004. Submitted by Evan Crow. A volunteer has not yet been found to proofread this transcription. If you are interested in doing this please contact the USGenWeb Census Project. Both above notices must remain when copied or downloaded. ___________________________________________________________ NOTE: For more information on Colbert County, Alabama, Please visit the Colbert County, ALGenWeb page at http://www.rootsweb.com/~alcolber/ ___________________________________________________________ This work follows all guidelines of the USGW Census Project, http://www.usgwcensus.org/. ___________________________________________________________ KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS: LN=Line Number HN=House Number FN=Family Number REAL VAL.=Value of Real Estate PERS VAL.=Value of Personal Estate FATHER FOREIGN BORN MOTHER FOREIGN BORN MONTH BORN=If Born within last year, Give Month MONTH MARR=If Married within last year, Give Month ATT. SCHOOL=Attended school within last year CAN'T READ=Adults who cannot read CAN'T WRITE=Adults who cannot write DEAF=Whether deaf, dumb, blind, insane, idiotic, pauper, or convict M-21yrs=Males Over 21 years of age ___________________________________________________________ This is the 1870 Federal Census for Colbert County, Alabama ___________________________________________________________ --- Year: 1870 State: Alabama County: Colbert Post Office: Leighton Sheet No: 37A Reel no: M593-10 Division: Twp 5 Range Ten Page No: 12 Enumerated on: July 19th, 1870 by: G.W. Creamer, Asst.U.S. Marshall Transcribed by Evan Crow for USGenWeb, http://www.usgwcensus.org/. Copyright: 2004 =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== LINE | Dwell Famil | LastName FirstName | Age S C | Occupation | RealVa Perso | BirthPlace | F F Mon Mo | A C Can | D | E D | SNDX | REMARKS =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== 1 | 81 81 | Crittenden Robert | 14 M W | Farm Labor | | Alabama | | X | | | C635 | 2 | 81 81 | Crittenden America | 28 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | C635 | 3 | 81 81 | Crittenden William | 6 M W | | | Alabama | | | | | C635 | 4 | 82 82 | Gargis Henry | 55 M W | Farmer | 3,500 1,000 | Tennessee | | | | X | G622 | 5 | 82 82 | Gargis Nancy | 53 F W | Keeping House | | Georgia | | | | | G622 | 6 | 82 82 | Gargis King | 18 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | | | | G622 | 7 | 82 82 | Gargis Nancy | 14 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | G622 | 8 | 83 83 | Duncan Sarah | 60 F W | Keeping House | 100 100 | Tennessee | | | | | D525 | 9 | 83 83 | Duncan Moses | 70 M B | Farm Laborer | | North Carolina | | X X | | X | D525 | 10 | 84 84 | Pennington William | 25 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | X X | | X | P552 | 11 | 84 84 | Pennington Jane | 22 F W | Keeping House | | Georgia | | X X | | | P552 | 12 | 84 84 | Pennington Riley | 4 M W | | | Alabama | | | | | P552 | 13 | 85 85 | Gargis William | 59 M W | Farm Laborer | | Tennessee | | X | | X | G622 | 14 | 85 85 | Gargis Susan | 45 F W | Keeping House | | Tennessee | | | | | G622 | 15 | 85 85 | Gargis Catharine | 20 F W | At Home | | Georgia | | X X | | | G622 | 16 | 85 85 | Gargis Lydia | 15 F W | At Home | | Georgia | | X X | | | G622 | 17 | 85 85 | Gargis Siss | 12 F W | At Home | | Georgia | | X X | | | G622 | 18 | 85 85 | Gargis James | 6 M W | At Home | | Georgia | | | | | G622 | 19 | 86 86 | Conley Amelia | 45 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | X X | | | C540 | 20 | 86 86 | Crossthwait Nancy | 21 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | C623 | 21 | 86 86 | Crossthwait Mary | 18 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | C623 | 22 | 87 87 | Gargis Henry Jr. | 28 M W | Miller | 3,500 500 | Alabama | | | | X | G622 | 23 | 87 87 | Gargis Louiza | 25 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | | | | G622 | 24 | 87 87 | Gargis Mack | 6 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | G622 | 25 | 87 87 | Gargis William | 1 M W | | | Alabama | | | | | G622 | 26 | 88 88 | Gargis William | 30 M W | Farmer | 500 200 | Alabama | | | | X | G622 | 27 | 88 88 | Gargis Lena | 25 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | | | | G622 | 28 | 88 88 | Gargis Josiphine | 8 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | G622 | 29 | 88 88 | Gargis Louiza | 5 F W | | | Alabama | | | | | G622 | 30 | 88 88 | Gargis James | 1 M W | | | Alabama | | | | | G622 | 31 | 88 88 | Gargis Robert | 7 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | G622 | 32 | 89 89 | Duncan Garner | 64 M W | Farmer | 100 400 | North Carolina | | | | X | D525 | 33 | 89 89 | Duncan Lydia | 57 F W | Keeping House | | Tennessee | | | | | D525 | 34 | 89 89 | Duncan Samantha | 22 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 35 | 89 89 | Duncan Alabamia | 20 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 36 | 89 89 | Duncan Margaret | 17 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 37 | 90 90 | Duncan James | 36 M W | Farm Laborer | 500 250 | Illinois | | | | X | D525 | 38 | 90 90 | Duncan Martha | 33 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 39 | 90 90 | Duncan Martha | 1 F W | | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 40 | 90 90 | Duncan Sarah | 24 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== --- Year: 1870 State: Alabama County: Colbert Post Office: Leighton Sheet No: 37B Reel no: M593-10 Division: Twp 5 Range Ten Page No: 13 Enumerated on: July 19th, 1870 by: G.W. Creamer, Asst.U.S. Marshall Transcribed by Evan Crow for USGenWeb, http://www.usgwcensus.org/. Copyright: 2004 =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== LINE | Dwell Famil | LastName FirstName | Age S C | Occupation | RealVa Perso | BirthPlace | F F Mon Mo | A C Can | D | E D | SNDX | REMARKS =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== 1 | 91 91 | Duncan William | 38 M W | Farm Laborer | 100 | Illinois | | | | X | D525 | 2 | 91 91 | Duncan Mary | 30 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 3 | 91 91 | Duncan James | 8 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 4 | 91 91 | Duncan Martha | 6 F W | | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 5 | 91 91 | Duncan Fannie | 4 F W | | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 6 | 91 91 | Duncan John | 1 M W | | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 7 | 91 91 | Duncan Martha | 26 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 8 | 92 92 | Grissham Joseph | 40 M W | Farmer | | Tennessee | | X X | | X | G625 | 9 | 92 92 | Grissham Elizabeth | 40 F W | Keeping House | | Tennessee | | X X | | | G625 | 10 | 92 92 | Grissham Samuel | 20 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | X X | | | G625 | 11 | 92 92 | Grissham Nancy | 18 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | G625 | 12 | 92 92 | Grissham Columbus | 16 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | X X | | | G625 | 13 | 92 92 | Grissham Abraham | 14 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | X X | | | G625 | 14 | 92 92 | Grissham Robert | 8 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | G625 | 15 | 92 92 | Grissham Stephen | 6 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | G625 | 16 | 92 92 | Grissham Albert | 4 M W | | | Alabama | | | | | G625 | 17 | 92 92 | Grissham George | 1 M W | | | Alabama | | | | | G625 | 18 | 93 93 | Ayres Henry | 52 M W | Farm Laborer | 200 100 | South Carolina | | X X | | X | A620 | 19 | 93 93 | Ayres Mary | 18 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | X X | | | A620 | 20 | 93 93 | Ayres William | 12 M W | Work On Farm | | Alabama | | X X | | | A620 | 21 | 93 93 | Ayres Toby | 10 M W | Work On Farm | | Alabama | | X X | | | A620 | 22 | 93 93 | Ayres Jane | 6 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | A620 | 23 | 93 93 | Ayres Elizabeth | 3 F W | | | Alabama | | | | | A620 | 24 | 94 94 | Ayres Samuel | 48 M W | Farmer | 400 350 | South Carolina | | X X | | X | A620 | 25 | 94 94 | Ayres Lucinda | 51 F W | Keeping House | | Tennessee | | X X | | | A620 | 26 | 94 94 | Ayres Martha | 25 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | A620 | 27 | 94 94 | Ayres Jane | 23 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | A620 | 28 | 94 94 | Ayres William | 21 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | | | X | A620 | 29 | 94 94 | Ayres Lucinda | 19 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | A620 | 30 | 94 94 | Ayres James | 18 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | X X | | | A620 | 31 | 94 94 | Ayres John | 16 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | X X | | | A620 | 32 | 94 94 | Ayres Wesley | 14 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | X X | | | A620 | 33 | 94 94 | Ayres Dania | 13 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | A620 | 34 | 94 94 | Ayres Marcus | 12 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | A620 | 35 | 95 95 | Ayres James | 47 M W | Farm Laborer | 150 | Alabama | | | | X | A620 | 36 | 95 95 | Ayres Martha | 22 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | | | | A620 | 37 | 95 95 | Ayres Bonton | 1 M W | | | Alabama | | | | | A620 | 38 | 95 95 | Jasper Robert | 9 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | J216 | 39 | 96 96 | Sevinny (?) Emily | 47 F W | Keeping House | 200 200 | North Carolina | | X | | | | 40 | 96 96 | Sevinny (?) Hannah | 13 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | | =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== --- Year: 1870 State: Alabama County: Colbert Post Office: Leighton Sheet No: 38A Reel no: M593-10 Division: Twp 5 Range Ten Page No: 14 Enumerated on: July 19th, 1870 by: G.W. Creamer, Asst.U.S. Marshall Transcribed by Evan Crow for USGenWeb, http://www.usgwcensus.org/. Copyright: 2004 =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== LINE | Dwell Famil | LastName FirstName | Age S C | Occupation | RealVa Perso | BirthPlace | F F Mon Mo | A C Can | D | E D | SNDX | REMARKS =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== 1 | 97 97 | Cosby Isaiah | 40 M W | Farmer | 200 200 | Alabama | | | | X | C210 | 2 | 97 97 | Cosby Lucy Jane | 37 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | | | | C210 | 3 | 97 97 | Cosby William | 13 M W | Attending School | | Alabama | | X | | | C210 | 4 | 97 97 | Cosby Hannah | 11 F W | Attending School | | Alabama | | X | | | C210 | 5 | 97 97 | Cosby James | 3 M W | | | Alabama | | | | | C210 | 6 | 97 97 | Cosby Margaret | 3 F W | | | Alabama | | | | | C210 | 7 | 97 97 | Cosby George | 2 M W | | | Alabama | | | | | C210 | 8 | 98 98 | Clark Milla | 59 F W | Keeping House | | Georgia | | X | | | C462 | 9 | 98 98 | Clark Serrenia | 32 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | C462 | 10 | 98 98 | Clark Henry | 26 M W | Work On Farm | | Alabama | | | | X | C462 | 11 | 98 98 | Loony Elizabeth | 12 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | L500 | 12 | 98 98 | Loony Sarah | 9 F W | | | Alabama | | | | | L500 | 13 | 99 99 | Scott Isaac | 49 M W | Farmer | 200 200 | Tennessee | | | | X | S300 | 14 | 99 99 | Scott Harriet | 47 F W | Keeping House | | Tennessee | | X | | | S300 | 15 | 99 99 | Scott William | 20 M W | Farm Laborer | 100 100 | Alabama | | X | | | S300 | 16 | 99 99 | Scott Harriet | 10 F W | Attending School | | Alabama | | X | | | S300 | 17 | 99 99 | Scott Nathaniel | 8 M W | Attending School | | Alabama | | X | | | S300 | 18 | 100 100 | Nesmith Edward | 25 M W | Farmer | 500 200 | Alabama | | X | | X | N253 | 19 | 100 100 | Nesmith Martha | 25 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | X X | | | N253 | 20 | 100 100 | Nesmith William | 4 M W | | | Alabama | | | | | N253 | 21 | 100 100 | Nesmith Matilda | 2 F W | | | Alabama | | | | | N253 | 22 | 100 100 | Nesmith Sarah | 6mo F W | | | Alabama | Dec | | | | N253 | 23 | 101 101 | Kirby Andrew | 38 M W | Farmer | 600 400 | Tennessee | | | | X | K610 | 24 | 101 101 | Kirby Margaret | 37 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | X X | | | K610 | 25 | 101 101 | Kirby Calvin | 10 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | K610 | 26 | 101 101 | Kirby Martha | 8 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | K610 | 27 | 101 101 | Kirby Benj | 5 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | K610 | 28 | 101 101 | Kirby Dora | 2mo F W | | | Alabama | Mar | | | | K610 | 29 | 102 102 | Palmer Elizabeth | 35 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | X | | | P456 | 30 | 102 102 | Palmer Paralee | 12 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | P456 | 31 | 102 102 | Palmer Thomas | 9 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | P456 | 32 | 102 102 | Palmer Martha | 1 F W | | | Alabama | | | | | P456 | 33 | 102 102 | Palmer James | 9mo M W | | | Alabama | Sep | | | | P456 | 34 | 103 103 | Jackson David | 55 M W | Farmer | 300 800 | Tennessee | | X X | | X | J225 | 35 | 103 103 | Jackson Minnie | 48 F W | Keeping House | | Tennessee | | X | | | J225 | 36 | 103 103 | Jackson James | 14 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | X | | | J225 | 37 | 103 103 | Jackson John | 12 M W | Work On Farm | | Alabama | | X X | | | J225 | 38 | 103 103 | Jackson Jessee | 10 M W | Work On Farm | | Alabama | | X X | | | J225 | 39 | 103 103 | Jackson Eliza | 8 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | J225 | 40 | 103 103 | Clement Sarah | 17 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | C455 | =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== --- Year: 1870 State: Alabama County: Colbert Post Office: Leighton Sheet No: 38B Reel no: M593-10 Division: Twp 5 Range Ten Page No: 15 Enumerated on: July 20th, 1870 by: G.W. Creamer, Asst.U.S. Marshall Transcribed by Evan Crow for USGenWeb, http://www.usgwcensus.org/. Copyright: 2004 =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== LINE | Dwell Famil | LastName FirstName | Age S C | Occupation | RealVa Perso | BirthPlace | F F Mon Mo | A C Can | D | E D | SNDX | REMARKS =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== 1 | 103 103 | Swinney Mary | 10 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | X | | | S500 | 2 | 104 104 | Jeffres James | 47 M W | Farm Laborer | 200 200 | Alabama | | | | X | J162 | 3 | 104 104 | Jeffres Unity | 30 F W | Keepinng House | | Alabama | | X | | | J162 | 4 | 104 104 | Jeffres Francis | 15 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | X X | | | J162 | 5 | 104 104 | Jeffres Jessee | 12 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | J162 | 6 | 104 104 | Jeffres Charles | 4 M W | | | Alabama | | | | | J162 | 7 | 104 104 | Nesmith Sarah | 32 F W | At Home | | Tennessee | | X | | | N253 | 8 | 105 105 | Green Robert | 29 M W | Farmer | 200 200 | Tennessee | | X X | | X | G650 | 9 | 105 105 | Green Nancy J. | 20 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | X | | | G650 | 10 | 105 105 | Green Elizabeth | 3 F W | | | Alabama | | | | | G650 | 11 | 105 105 | Green William | 7mo M W | | | Alabama | Nov | | | | G650 | 12 | 106 106 | Duncannon Kinsey | 50 M W | Farmer | 200 | North Carolina | | | | X | D525 | 13 | 106 106 | Duncannon Martha | 39 F W | Keeping House | | Tennessee | | X X | | | D525 | 14 | 106 106 | Duncannon John | 17 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | X X | | | D525 | 15 | 106 106 | Duncannon Reed | 13 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | X X | | | D525 | 16 | 106 106 | Duncannon Thomas | 8 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 17 | 106 106 | Duncannon Kinnsey | 10 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | D525 | 18 | 106 106 | Duncannon Eliza | 8 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 19 | 106 106 | Duncannon Susan | 1 F W | | | Alabama | | | | | D525 | 20 | 107 107 | Green Thomas | 62 M W | Farmer | 300 300 | Tennessee | | | | X | G650 | 21 | 107 107 | Green Eliza | 60 F W | Keeping House | | Tennessee | | X X | | | G650 | 22 | 107 107 | Rambo Eliza | 35 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | R510 | 23 | 107 107 | Rambo Adline | 14 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | R510 | 24 | 107 107 | Rambo Henry | 8 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | R510 | 25 | 108 108 | Nickles Richard | 48 M W | Farm Laborer | 200 | Tennessee | | | | X | N242 | 26 | 108 108 | Nickles Sarah | 41 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | X X | | | N242 | 27 | 108 108 | Nickles Mima | 22 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | N242 | 28 | 108 108 | Nickles Paralee | 15 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | N242 | 29 | 108 108 | Nickles Rufus | 11 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | X | | | N242 | 30 | 108 108 | Nickles Caldonia | 9 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | N242 | 31 | 108 108 | Nickles Esther | 4 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | N242 | 32 | 108 108 | Nickles David | 86 M W | Retired Farmer | | South Carolina | | | | X | N242 | 33 | 109 109 | Vess Francis | 22 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | | | X | V200 | 34 | 109 109 | Vess Julia | 19 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | X X | | | V200 | 35 | 109 109 | Vess Mollie | 3 F W | | | Alabama | | | | | V200 | 36 | 110 110 | Dorce Reuben | 51 M W | Farm Laborer | 100 | Georgia | | | | X | D620 | 37 | 110 110 | Dorce Sarah | 41 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | X X | | | D620 | 38 | 110 110 | Dorce Louiza | 17 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | X | | | D620 | 39 | 110 110 | Dorce John | 13 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | D620 | 40 | 110 110 | Dorce Martha | 10 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | D620 | =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== --- Year: 1870 State: Alabama County: Colbert Post Office: Leighton Sheet No: 39A Reel no: M593-10 Division: Twp 5 Range Ten Page No: 16 Enumerated on: July 20th, 1870 by: G.W. Creamer, Asst.U.S. Marshall Transcribed by Evan Crow for USGenWeb, http://www.usgwcensus.org/. Copyright: 2004 =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== LINE | Dwell Famil | LastName FirstName | Age S C | Occupation | RealVa Perso | BirthPlace | F F Mon Mo | A C Can | D | E D | SNDX | REMARKS =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|======================== 1 | 110 110 | Doss Elvira | 7 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | D200 | 2 | 110 110 | Doss Carrie | 3 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | D200 | 3 | 111 111 | Vicks Alexander | 51 M W | Farm Laborer | 1,900 100 | South Carolina | | | | X | V220 | 4 | 111 111 | Vicks Nancy | 18 F W | Keeping House | | Alabama | | X X | | | V220 | 5 | 111 111 | Vicks James | 16 M W | Farm Laborer | | Alabama | | X X | | | V220 | 6 | 111 111 | Vicks Susan | 15 F W | At Home | | Alabama | | X X | | | V220 | 7 | 111 111 | Vicks Robert | 12 M W | Work On Farm | | Alabama | | X X | | | V220 | 8 | 111 111 | Vicks Samuel | 8 M W | At Home | | Alabama | | | | | V220 | 9 | 112 112 | Stallings Lunuel (?) | 47 M W | Farm Laborer | 350 | Alabama | | | | X | S345 | 10 | 112 112 | Stallings Parthenia | 37 F W | Keeping House | | North Carolina | | | | | S345 | 11 | 112 112 | Stallings Thomas | 21 M W | Farm Laborer | | Mississippi | | X X | | X | S345 | 12 | 112 112 | Stallings Nancy | 16 F W | At Home | | Mississippi | | X X | | | S345 | 13 | 112 112 | Stallings Eilza | 20 F W | At Home | | Tennessee | | | | | S345 | 14 | 112 112 | Stallings Robert | 1 M W | | | Tennessee | | | | | S345 | 15 | 112 112 | Stallings Rebecca | 1mo F W | | | Mississippi | May | | | | S345 | Lines 16-40 left blank. =====|=============|=================================|==========|========================|==============|================|============|=========|===|=====|======|========================